基于几何模型的绿萝叶片外部表型参数三维估测

为快速高效获取叶类植物叶片的外部表型参数、掌握植株生长状况，以绿萝叶片为研究对象，提出一种基于几何模型的叶长、叶宽与叶面积的三维估测方法。利用微软Kinect V2相机，自80cm高度垂直位姿获取绿萝叶片局部点云，并进行直通滤波去噪与包围盒精简等预处理，测量得到点云外形参数，输入预先建立的SAE网络分类预测得到几何模型参数，并基于曲面参数方程建立叶片几何模型。采用粒子群优化算法计算几何模型离散点云和局部点云间的空间距离，进行空间匹配，利用遗传算法求解最优匹配模型的内部模型参数，输出最优匹配模型的叶长、叶宽与叶面积作为估测结果。实验共采集150片绿萝叶片的局部点云数据，将估测结果和真实值进行数学统计与线性回归分析，得出叶长、叶宽与叶面积估测的平均误差分别为0.46cm、0.41cm和3.42cm2，叶长估测R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.52cm，叶宽R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.52cm，叶面积R2和RMSE分别为0.95和3.60cm2。实验表明，该方法对于绿萝叶片外形参数的估测效果较好，具有较高实用价值。     

Body shape variation in two species of darters (Etheostoma,Percidae) and its relation to the environment

Environmental variation can shape phenotypic variation in organisms, but most evidence for trait differentiation comes from analyses of dichotomous habitat types that differ in only one or few key environmental factors. In reality, environmental variation is often more subtle, gradual and multifarious. Here, we investigated geographic variation in body shape of two darter species (Etheostoma spectabile and Etheostoma flabellare; Percidae) that occur along river gradients. This study addressed three specific questions: Is there intraspecific geographic variation in the two species across different sites in the Ozark Highlands of Oklahoma (USA)? Is phenotypic variation across sites correlated with abiotic environmental conditions? Do the two species share site‐specific (i.e. convergent) phenotypic variation in areas where they occur together? Our results indicated significant body shape variation in both species. Population differences in body shape were particularly correlated with variation in substrate composition. The combined analysis of both species indicated a small but significant effect of convergence on body shape wherever they are sympatric; shared variation, however, was not related to any environmental variables included in the analysis. While it remains unclear whether phenotypic variation in these species is due to heritable differentiation or environmentally induced plasticity, our results indicate that even subtle and gradual environmental variation can induce substantial variation in phenotypes on a relatively small spatial scale.     

具时空时滞的扩散Musca domestica苍蝇模型的波前解

提出并研究了非线性项含有时滞且以卷积形式出现的扩散 Musca domestica 苍蝇模型,重点考察了该模型连结两一致稳态解的波前解的存在性。利用几何奇异摄动理论,证明了对一类特定形式的卷积核,只要时滞充分小,该模型的波前解仍然能得以保持。     

Unraveling the morphological patterns of a subantarctic eelpout: a geometric morphometric approach

Phenotypic variation in organisms depends on the genotype and the environmental constraints of the habitat that they exploit. Therefore, for marine species inhabiting contrasting aquatic conditions, it is expected to find covariation between the shape and its spatial distribution. We studied the morphology of the head and cephalic sensory canals of the eelpout Austrolycus depressiceps (4.5–22.5 cm TL) across its latitudinal distribution in South Pacific (45°S–55°S). Geometric morphometric analyses show that the shape varied from individuals with larger snout and an extended suborbital canal to individuals with shorter snouts and frontally compressed suborbital canal. There was size variation across the sampled populations, but that size does not have a clear latitudinal gradient. Only 8% of the shape variation relates to this size variation (allometry), represented by a decrease in the relative size of the eye, and a depression of the posterior margin of the head. There were spatial differences in the shape of the head, but these differences were probably caused by allometric effects. Additionally, 2 of the canals of the cephalic lateralis pores and the head shape showed modularity in its development. This study shows that the morphology of marine fish with a shallow distribution varies across distances of hundreds of kilometers (i.e., phenotypic modulation).     

中小跨径弯斜桥的几何设计探讨

弯斜桥梁的几何设计思路是影响设计、施工的重要因素，文中提出了桥梁受公路线形制约时的几何布置形式，公路弯斜桥几何设计的特点、类型、方法和影响因素。在不增加设计难度的情况下，通过桥梁的几何布置达到改善公路线形的目的。结合黑龙江省望奎至灵山乡公路桥梁设计的实例加以说明。     

MODIS遥感影像的几何精校正--以阿勒泰地区为例

遥感资料的准备和处理是遥感技术在实际应用中的核心工作,几何精校正是利用地面控制点(GCP)对遥感影像进行的几何校正。研究在对阿勒泰地区草地监测时用ERDAS IMAGINE软件对MODIS资料进行几何精校正,主要对相关模型参数设置、控制点输入和几何精校正作了探讨。结果表明:影响几何精校正的因素,主要表现在GCP的数量、分布和定位精度及校正方法和重采样方法。     

Morphological variation in the short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia) in Ecuador,with comments on the practical and philosophical aspects of boundaries among species

The mechanisms for the morphological delimitation of species in Carollia remain poorly understood. This is the first study to assess variation in size and shape from strictly geometric terms. Both factors are assessed by statistical perspectives of distribution, overlap and relative distances. Despite its overlap, the size of the skull seems to be the most influential character for the discrimination of species, with shape playing a much smaller role. The smallest species seems to be the most distinct in shape, not only in terms of distance among centroids in morphometric space, but also in the overall trend and direction of variation. Contrary to previous studies, sexual dimorphism is not given by size but by distinct shapes of the skull. Characters such as the shape of the maxilla, previously described qualitatively as discrete with sharp boundaries, appear to be truly continuous with fuzzy borders among species. Because morphometric space is a gamut of continuous variation and overlap, the taxonomic error rate for size characters seems to be substantial for the medium-sized species (Carollia brevicauda Schinz, 1821), with approximately 30–40% of individuals erroneously assigned to a different species after a jackknifed discriminant function. This taxonomic error is higher for shape characters. Morphological, systematic and ecological consequences of the observed patterns of shape and size variation are commented within the context of previously proposed arguments and hypotheses.     

LSM算法评定空间直线度误差的分析与改进

为了有效地提高评定空间直线度误差的精度,运用几何学、误差理论和最优化原理,深入分析了LSM算法在空间直线度误差评定中所存在的原理缺陷;并改进了LSM算法,提出了改进LSM算法的数学模型.对改进LSM算法编制程序进行了数字实验,结果表明:改进LSM算法克服了LSM算法的原理缺陷,具有较高的精度.